2024 Asvab score to iq calculator

Your LQ is the measurement of how likable (and therefore, successful) you are. You’ve heard of the intelligence quotient, or IQ, and you probably know it’s not a super reliable way.... Outdoor bamboo blinds roll up

It is not an IQ test, but the ASVAB does help the various branches of the military assess which jobs you are best suited to perform. ... Just because your ASVAB score is 40 doesn’t mean that you only got 40% of the questions correct, ... You will not need to bring a calculator for the test. Where Can I Find My ASVAB Scores?It's important to keep tabs on your credit, but how frequently should you review it? Here's how often you should check your credit score and report. We may receive compensa...To calculate your AFQT score, follow these steps: – Add your raw scores from Arithmetic Reasoning and Math Knowledge. This total is known as your “Math Score.”. – Add your raw scores from Word Knowledge and Paragraph Comprehension. This total is called your “Verbal Score.”. – Multiply your Verbal Score by 2.Your 71 means that you did better than 71% and worse than 28% of those 12000 people who participated in the ASVAB test in 1997. Congratulations, your 71 ASVAB score is much better than the average. You’re one step away from TOP 10! Your 71 AFQT score allows you to enter every military branch, including Army, Marines, Navy, Air Forces and ...Use our ASVAB calculator to calculate your AFQT, Composite scores, and get comprehensive information about available jobs. ASVAB Scores. 20. 21. 22. 23. … The Armed Services Qualification Test (AFQT) is a percentile score based on the study of 1997, where the Department of Defense conducted the ASVAB test in which 12000 people took part. Your 83 means that you executed better than 83% and worse than 16% of those 12000 people who did the ASVAB test in 1997. Congratulations, your 83 ASVAB score is ... The formula for computing an AFQT score is: AR + MK + (2 x VE). ... So, to what extent does AFQT correlate to more traditional IQ [sub-]scores? cognitive-psychology; measurement; test; iq; military-psychology; Share. Improve this question. Follow edited Sep 2, 2020 at 3:40. Rodrigo de Azevedo. 1. asked Jul 16, 2018 at 5:34. The ASVAB composite score is calculated by combining the scores from four of the subtests: arithmetic reasoning, mathematics knowledge, paragraph comprehension, and word knowledge. Each of these subtests is scored on a scale of 0-100, with 50 being the average score. To calculate your ASVAB composite score, the scores from these four subtests ... In doing so, we find that for people with ACT scores between 25 and 36, the line of best fit between their highest composite ACT score and their IQ is. IQ = 1.59 * (ACT - 25) + 113. r = 0.61. My highest ACT score 36, so this predicts an IQ of 130 (12). For the sake of completeness, I should mention an earlier study that was actually peer ... AFQT means the Armed Forces Qualification Test, and it is part of the overall ASVAB. An individual’s score in the AFQT determines whether they are eligible to join the military at all. It is therefore extremely important to any prospective military career. The rest of the scores as part of the ASVAB are to determine the job choices (MOS) that ... Just because you got a decent score means you'll get 0651, I got a 89, and an average PFT and got 0621, meanwhile I have friends with a lower asvab and better PFT and they got 0651. They do not take anything other than what you qualify for when they pick your MOS.There are obvious economic reasons why people move some places and not others: Maybe they want a higher-paying job, or maybe a lower rent or mortgage. There might be personality fa...To turn your military dreams into reality you need to achieve at least the following minimum ASVAB score for each branch of military: Air Force – 36. Army – 31. Coast Guard – 50. Navy – 35. Marine Corps – 32. According to the latest figures from The Education Trust, 77% of enlistees between the ages of 17 and 20 years passed …Your 96 means that you did better than 96% and worse than 3% of those 12000 people who completed the ASVAB test in 1997. Congratulations, your 96 ASVAB score is in TOP 10. You’re a top-tier candidate to the military for enlistment! Your 96 AFQT score allows you to enter every military branch, including Army, Marines, …So you’ve checked your credit score at the three major bureaus, and something interesting appears: all three of them a different. What gives? So you’ve checked your credit score at...Mar 11, 2023 · The GT score, along with the nine other sections of the test, are called the line scores. These scores determine if you are eligible for the service and which specialty, or job, for which you are best suited. Also, this score is part of your eligibility for the officer training school. A GT score of at least 110 is necessary to be qualified for ... If you’re considering a career in the military, then you probably already know about the ASVAB (Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery) test. This comprehensive exam is used to...All Rights Reserved.The Armed Services Qualification Test (AFQT) is a percentile score based on the study of 1997, where the Department of Defense conducted the ASVAB test in which 12000 people took part. Your 68 means that your results are better than 68% and worse than 31% of those 12000 people who finished the ASVAB test in 1997.After a certain point, having a super high credit score doesn't actually matter. While having a low credit score definitely affects your ability to qualify for loans at reasonable ...A score of 59 on the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) is almost one standard deviation above the mean of 50. Whether it is a good score depends on the type of job...To calculate your AFQT score, follow these steps: – Add your raw scores from Arithmetic Reasoning and Math Knowledge. This total is known as your “Math Score.”. – Add your raw scores from Word Knowledge and Paragraph Comprehension. This total is called your “Verbal Score.”. – Multiply your Verbal Score by 2.Your 59 means that your results are better than 59% and worse than 40% of those 12000 people who completed the ASVAB test in 1997. Congratulations, you have an average 59 ASVAB score that allows you to enter every military branch, including Army, Marines, Navy, Air Forces and Coast Guard. Your score is good enough and better than average.As of 2014, the highest score recorded was achieved by Abdesselam Jelloul, who scored a 198 in a 2012 test including 13 dimensions of intelligence. Four others have scored at 190 o...Learn what a 707 credit score means. See if 707 is a good credit score, what loans you can get & more. Everything you need to know about a 707 credit score. Find out if 707 is a go...Thus, an AFQT score of 90 indicates that the examinee scored as well as or better than 90% of the nationally-representative sample of 18 to 23 year old youth. An …Oct 30, 2012 · Finding your Navy Job (NEC) To join the Navy as an enlisted member, you usually must get a good score on the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery test.The maximum ASVAB score is 99. For ... First, ASVAB standard line scores are calculated for each of the 9 sections of the ASVAB. Thus, the primary standard line sections of the ASVAB …If you’re considering a career in the military, then you probably already know about the ASVAB (Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery) test. This comprehensive exam is used to... To bring the ASVAB CEP to your school, click here. Contact a local representative by calling 1-800-323-0513. The ASVAB Career Exploration Program is sponsored by the Department of Defense [1] ASVAB line score data current according to COMNAVCRUITCOMINST 1130.8M dated July 20, 2022. Information contained was gathered from MILPERSMAN 1236-010, "ARMED FORCES CLASSIFICATION TEST (AFCT) ADMINISTRATION AND PROCEDURES FOR NAVY PERSONNEL" dated July 25, 2017, and …Paying your credit cards on time to avoid late fees and interest is a no-brainer. But you can also boost your credit score and reduce interest charges by paying your credit card bi...The Standard Score (in the far right column of the ASR above) is also called the ASVAB Composite Score. These scores are relative to the national average of young adults who took the test in your grade level. With ASVAB Standard scores, most students score between 30 and 70. This means that a standard score of 50 is an average ASVAB …Jan 18, 2024 · The percentile of a score is the percentage of people who score equal to or below the score. For example, an IQ score of 70 is in the 2nd percentile (for SD = 15), which means that only 2% of people score 70 or lower. IQ 125 is at the 95th percentile - 95% of people have an IQ equal to or less than 125. This means 5% of the population score higher. Your 52 means that you executed better than 52% and worse than 47% of those 12000 people who did the ASVAB test in 1997. Congratulations, you have an average 52 ASVAB score that allows you to enter every military branch, including Army, Marines, Navy, Air Forces and Coast Guard. Your score is good enough and better than average.The Armed Services Qualification Test (AFQT) is a percentile score based on the study of 1997, where the Department of Defense conducted the ASVAB test in which 12000 people took part. Your 90 means that you performed better than 90% and worse than 9% of those 12000 people who participated in the ASVAB test in 1997.AFQT scores are computed using the Standard Scores from four ASVAB subtests: Arithmetic Reasoning (AR), Mathematics Knowledge (MK), Paragraph …The formula used to estimate IQ from ASVAB scores is as follows: IQ = ( ASVAB × 2 ) + 60 IQ : Estimated Intelligence Quotient, a numerical …To enlist, you need an ASVAB score of at least 31. However, if you have a minimum score of 21, there's an academic track of the Future Soldier Preparatory Course to help you better your score. This 90-day program provides training on all the subjects covered on the ASVAB, as well as opportunities to retake the test.r/mensa. • 2 yr. ago. Vil-Arrion. Is there a way to convert ASVAB to IQ, presently? Title pretty much says it. Everything I've found says that they stopped any …This is where our IQ percentile calculator can assist you in computing both the percentile of the population you are in and, correspondingly, the rarity of your score. For example, with an IQ of 125 you will be in the top 5% and hence in the 95th percentile of the population. This means that only 1 in 20 people selected at random from a large ...It's important to keep tabs on your credit, but how frequently should you review it? Here's how often you should check your credit score and report. We may receive compensa...Dec 20, 2023 · To enlist in the Army, aspiring recruits typically must take the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) test and earn a passing score. The ASVAB, with a maximum score of 99, requires a ... Oct 31, 2018 · The basic equation looks like this: Raw AFQT Score = 2VE + AR + MK; Convert your raw score to a percentile score, which basically compares your results to the results of thousands of other ASVAB test-takers. For example, a score of 50 means that you scored as well as or better than 50 percent of the individuals the military is comparing you to. To compute your VE score from ASVAB practice test results, add the number of correct (1 point per correct answer) questions from the Paragraph Comprehension …Your 98 means that you performed better than 98% and worse than 1% of those 12000 people who took the ASVAB test in 1997. Congratulations, your 98 ASVAB score is in TOP 10. You’re a top-tier candidate to the military for enlistment! Your 98 AFQT score allows you to enter every military branch, including Army, Marines, Navy, Air Forces and ...Your 60 means that you did better than 60% and worse than 39% of those 12000 people who participated in the ASVAB test in 1997. Congratulations, you have an average 60 ASVAB score that allows you to enter every military branch, including Army, Marines, Navy, Air Forces and Coast Guard. Your score is great and better than average.Your ASVAB score will determine which Air Force jobs (AFSC) you qualify for. Every Air Force job has different ASVAB score requirements.Because of scaling, a WK+PC value of 50 is about the max, giving a VE value of 62. Multiply the VE value by 2: 2_VE Assuming the maximum scores were achieved, and the VE value is 62, then 2_62 is 124. Write this value down and take out the ASVAB scores again. Find the Arithmetic Reasoning (AR) and Mathematical Knowledge (MK) scores on …An ASVAB Score Calculator is your go-to tool for estimating your qualifying scores before you even step into the exam room. But how do you use this …To bring the ASVAB CEP to your school, click here. Contact a local representative by calling 1-800-323-0513. The ASVAB Career Exploration Program is sponsored by the Department of DefenseUse our ASVAB calculator to find out your AFQT, Composite scores, and get broad information about available jobs. ASVAB Scores. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. …Your 89 means that you performed better than 89% and worse than 10% of those 12000 people who took the ASVAB test in 1997. Congratulations, your 89 ASVAB score is much better than the average. You’re one step away from TOP 10! Your 89 AFQT score allows you to enter every military branch, including Army, Marines, Navy, Air Forces and Coast …This number will be converted to a scaled score between 20 and 62. If you scored a 15 on the word-knowledge test and a 30 on the paragraph-comprehension test, the total scaled score would be 45, or 45%. Calculate the score using this formula: 2VE + AR + MK = raw AFQT score. For current AFQT scores, the reference group is a sample of 18 to 23 year old youth who took the ASVAB as part of a national norming study conducted in 1997. Thus, an AFQT score of 90 indicates that the examinee scored as well as or better than 90% of the nationally-representative sample of 18 to 23 year old youth. It is therefore extremely important to any prospective military career. Your AFQT score is the total score you get on your Arithmetic Reasoning (AR), Mathematics Knowledge (MK), Paragraph Comprehension (PC), and Word Knowledge (WK) subtests. Formula. AFQT Score = AR + MK + 2xVE. MK = Your Mathematics Knowledge Scores.Adam McCann, WalletHub Financial WriterApr 2, 2021 The best credit score that you can get is 850. But it’s neither easy to reach to this pinnacle of the credit score range, nor alw...Your 59 means that your results are better than 59% and worse than 40% of those 12000 people who completed the ASVAB test in 1997. Congratulations, you have an average 59 ASVAB score that allows you to enter every military branch, including Army, Marines, Navy, Air Forces and Coast Guard. Your score is good enough and better than average.This number will be converted to a scaled score between 20 and 62. If you scored a 15 on the word-knowledge test and a 30 on the paragraph-comprehension test, the total scaled score would be 45, or 45%. Calculate the score using this formula: 2VE + AR + MK = raw AFQT score.The minimum ASVAB score to join the US Navy is an AFQT of 31, placing it 5 points lower than the Air Force. Your AFQT score can be calculated by combining the scores from the following portions of the test: AR + MK + WK + PC. You will need a relatively high AFQT score to qualify for most Navy jobs, but the …ASVAB Standard Scores. Standard Scores are on a scale of 0-100. On this scale, 50 is the mean, or average, and every 10 points from the mean represents one standard deviation. This means that a Standard Score of 60 would be above average. Most test takers score between 30 and 70.The ASVAB/AFQT is effectively an IQ test and it is certainly well correlated with “official” IQ tests like Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and Stanford-Binet.. Given the strength of the correlation between ASVAB and SAT/ACT and similarities in design, the correlations between these “aptitude” tests and …HOW ARE SUBTESTS USED? HOW CAN I PREPARE? WHAT HAPPENS NEXT? WHAT IS THE ASVAB? When you apply to join the U.S. Air Force as an enlisted … The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery is the most widely used multiple-aptitude test battery in the world. The ASVAB measures your strengths, weaknesses and potential for future success ... An ASVAB Score Calculator is your go-to tool for estimating your qualifying scores before you even step into the exam room. But how do you use this …Jobs with ASVAB Score 67. Raw AFQT score won’t help you to understand what military jobs are available for you. To understand what kind of jobs you are suitable for, you should know your composite scores.Use our ASVAB calculator to calculate your AFQT, Composite scores, and get comprehensive information about available jobs.test scores yahoo answers''Revised chart converting SAT scores to IQ equivalents June 21st, 2018 - Below is the revised chart sat score To convert U S norms IQ equivalents to U S white norms 3 thoughts on?Revised chart converting SAT scores to IQ' 'How Do You Calculate Your ASVAB Score Reference comAdam McCann, WalletHub Financial WriterApr 2, 2021 The best credit score that you can get is 850. But it’s neither easy to reach to this pinnacle of the credit score range, nor alw...An unsettling classroom experience near the start of his second year in the Stanford Graduate School of Business MBA Program caused a personal crisis for Shirzad Chamine and led hi...What Is an ASVAB GT Score? A Detailed Guide. Aptitude Tests. Test Types. Updated November 20, 2023. Written by Vicky Harlow. ASVAB …Oct 21, 2023 · ASVAB Standard Line Scores Explained. The final score you receive on the Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) is the culmination of 3 different line scores. First, ASVAB standard line scores are calculated for each of the 9 sections of the ASVAB. Thus, the primary standard line sections of the ASVAB are as follows: General Science ... Asvab Standard Scores Chart. Printable iq test What asvab score for army ranger How does the army calculate gt score. Deciphering asvab scores. How the asvab (afqt) test is scoredAsvab practice test percentile score Asvab score scores military sample test card used deciphering dummies purposes enlistmentHow long is the asvab good for …Thus, an AFQT score of 90 indicates that the examinee scored as well as or better than 90% of the nationally-representative sample of 18 to 23 year old youth. An …The average ASVAB score is 50. Scores above 50 indicate above-average performance, while scores below 50 suggest below-average performance. The Standard Score Bands categorize scores into different ASVAB score range categories, such as Below Average, Average and Above Average, offering a clearer perspective on your …Navy rating scores add up the relevant subtest scores for each specific rating: Electronics Tech: AR + MK + EI + GS = 223. Fireman: AR + MK + MC + VE = 205, or AR + AS + MK + VE = 200. Legalman: VE + MK = 105 with a minimum VE = 52. The Navy currently has over 150 roles to choose from, according to its official site.There are obvious economic reasons why people move some places and not others: Maybe they want a higher-paying job, or maybe a lower rent or mortgage. There might be personality fa...Aquí nos gustaría mostrarte una descripción, pero el sitio web que estás mirando no lo permite. The Armed Services Qualification Test (AFQT) is a percentile score based on the study of 1997, where the Department of Defense conducted the ASVAB test in which 12000 people took part. Your 94 means that you executed better than 94% and worse than 5% of those 12000 people who performed the ASVAB test in 1997. The Armed Services Qualification Test (AFQT) is a percentile score based on the study of 1997, where the Department of Defense conducted the ASVAB test in which 12000 people took part. Your 78 means that you performed better than 78% and worse than 21% of those 12000 people who completed the ASVAB test in 1997.In the IQ calculator the chronological age is same as the mental age, then IQ is equal to 100. A free online iq test to find your IQ score by entering your age and answering 10 questions. The IQ score calculator automatically finds IQ score and mental age. Code to add this calci to your website. Just copy and paste the below …On top of the AFQT, your line scores will also be calculated. These scores serve to assign people to the different jobs/careers. Depending on which branch you’d like to enter, your career options will have a different name. In the Army and Marine Corps, the possible jobs are called Military Occupational Specialty (MOS).Your 51 means that your results are better than 51% and worse than 48% of those 12000 people who participated in the ASVAB test in 1997. Congratulations, you have an average 51 ASVAB score that allows you to enter every military branch, including Army, Marines, Navy, Air Forces and Coast Guard. Your score is good enough …Many Americans are making some big missteps when it comes to calculating and understanding their credit scores. Here are some assumptions to avoid. Editor’s note: This post has bee...Your 98 means that you performed better than 98% and worse than 1% of those 12000 people who took the ASVAB test in 1997. Congratulations, your 98 ASVAB score is in TOP 10. You’re a top-tier candidate to the military for enlistment! Your 98 AFQT score allows you to enter every military branch, including Army, Marines, Navy, Air Forces and ...As of 2014, the highest score recorded was achieved by Abdesselam Jelloul, who scored a 198 in a 2012 test including 13 dimensions of intelligence. Four others have scored at 190 o...Your 98 means that you performed better than 98% and worse than 1% of those 12000 people who took the ASVAB test in 1997. Congratulations, your 98 ASVAB score is in TOP 10. You’re a top-tier candidate to the military for enlistment! Your 98 AFQT score allows you to enter every military branch, including Army, Marines, Navy, Air Forces and ...The ASVAB/AFQT is effectively an IQ test and it is certainly well correlated with “official” IQ tests like Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and Stanford-Binet.. Given the strength of the correlation between ASVAB and SAT/ACT and similarities in design, the correlations between these “aptitude” tests and …Mar 11, 2023 · The GT score, along with the nine other sections of the test, are called the line scores. These scores determine if you are eligible for the service and which specialty, or job, for which you are best suited. Also, this score is part of your eligibility for the officer training school. A GT score of at least 110 is necessary to be qualified for ... The ASVAB requirements vary for each branch of the military. Here’s a general overview: Army: The minimum ASVAB score required to join the Army is usually a 31. However, certain Army jobs may have higher score requirements. Navy: The Navy generally requires a minimum ASVAB score of 35. The Armed Services Qualification Test (AFQT) is a percentile score based on the study of 1997, where the Department of Defense conducted the ASVAB test in which 12000 people took part. Your 83 means that you executed better than 83% and worse than 16% of those 12000 people who did the ASVAB test in 1997. Congratulations, your 83 ASVAB score is ...

It is therefore extremely important to any prospective military career. Your AFQT score is the total score you get on your Arithmetic Reasoning (AR), Mathematics Knowledge (MK), Paragraph Comprehension (PC), and Word Knowledge (WK) subtests. Formula. AFQT Score = AR + MK + 2xVE. MK = Your Mathematics Knowledge Scores.. Taylor swift louisiana

[1] ASVAB line score data current according to COMNAVCRUITCOMINST 1130.8M dated July 20, 2022. Information contained was gathered from MILPERSMAN 1236-010, "ARMED FORCES CLASSIFICATION TEST (AFCT) ADMINISTRATION AND PROCEDURES FOR NAVY PERSONNEL" dated July 25, 2017, and …As of 2014, the highest score recorded was achieved by Abdesselam Jelloul, who scored a 198 in a 2012 test including 13 dimensions of intelligence. Four others have scored at 190 o...The formula used to estimate IQ from ASVAB scores is as follows: IQ = ( ASVAB × 2 ) + 60 IQ : Estimated Intelligence Quotient, a numerical …The TechCrunch Disrupt 2023 early-bird countdown continues. Three days left until the price of admission goes up. Buy now and save! Three days, 72 hours or 4,320 minutes. No matter... Step 1: Gather Your Raw Scores. First thing’s first. Before you can run any calculations: Know Your Sections: ASVAB consists of multiple sections such as General Science (GS), Arithmetic Reasoning (AR), and more. Raw Scores: Collect the raw scores from your practice tests in each of these categories. The z-score can be calculated by subtracting the population mean from the raw score, or data point in question (a test score, height, age, etc.), then dividing the difference by the population standard deviation: where x is the raw score, μ is the population mean, and σ is the population standard deviation. For a sample, the …Your ASVAB Score Can Be Critical. ASVAB test scores are broken down by the individual subtests and their composites. One of the most critical of these scores is the armed forces qualification testYour 48 means that you executed worse than 51% and better than other 48% of those 12000 people who did the ASVAB test in 1997. Congratulations! Your 48 ASVAB score allows you to enter every military branch, including Army, Marines, Navy, Air Forces and Coast Guard. Your score is pretty good, but it is still worse than average.ASVAB? The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB) is a multiple-aptitude battery that measures developed abilities and helps predict future academic and occupational success in the military. It is administered annually to more than one million military applicants, high school, and post-secondary students.Navy rating scores add up the relevant subtest scores for each specific rating: Electronics Tech: AR + MK + EI + GS = 223. Fireman: AR + MK + MC + VE = 205, or AR + AS + MK + VE = 200. Legalman: VE + MK = 105 with a minimum VE = 52. The Navy currently has over 150 roles to choose from, according to its official site.The TechCrunch Disrupt 2023 early-bird countdown continues. Three days left until the price of admission goes up. Buy now and save! Three days, 72 hours or 4,320 minutes. No matter...The Armed Services Qualification Test (AFQT) is a percentile score based on the study of 1997, where the Department of Defense conducted the ASVAB test in which 12000 people took part. Your 80 means that your results are better than 80% and worse than 19% of those 12000 people who completed the ASVAB test in 1997.What Is an ASVAB GT Score? A Detailed Guide. Aptitude Tests. Test Types. Updated November 20, 2023. Written by Vicky Harlow. ASVAB …What IQ Scores Really Mean – Asvab score to IQ. Most iq tests score an individual on a scale of 100. The highest score possible is 145, and the lowest score possible is 61; scores between these two extremes represents just one standard deviation from the mean iq for that group. [5] For example, if you receive a score of 110 (a “superior ...Your 39 means that you did worse than 60% and better than other 39% of those 12000 people who finished the ASVAB test in 1997. Your 39 ASVAB score allows you to enter almost every military branch, including Army, Marines, Navy and Air Forces, and doesn’t meet the minimum requirements to enter Coast Guard. You’re one step before being ...The ASVAB subtests use a one to 100 score range, so the mean is set to 50. This is based on a national sample of 18 to 24-year-olds. A standard deviation is a measurement of distance from the mean. The ASVAB standard deviation is set to 10. Therefore, if you receive a score of 60, you have scored …The ASVAB is a timed multi-aptitude test, which is given at over 14,000 schools and Military Entrance Processing Stations (MEPS) nationwide. Find sample tests.The ASVAB composite score is calculated by combining the scores from four of the subtests: arithmetic reasoning, mathematics knowledge, paragraph comprehension, and word knowledge. Each of these subtests is scored on a scale of 0-100, with 50 being the average score. To calculate your ASVAB composite score, the …Military.com. Published August 21, 2020. The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery, or ASVAB, tests your knowledge of basic concepts and skills to date, and ….

Popular Topics